When it comes to wild ginseng, why is it Korean?

Kwang-Gyun Park, MD l Article Entry 2021-08-14 Quercitrin

When it comes to wild ginseng, why is it Korean?

According to the Doosan Encyclopedia, ginseng is named because its root shape resembles a human. It is also called gwigae (鬼蓋) because it faces the shade with the sun at its back.Other names include Geumjeong Oklan ( 金井玉蘭 ), Okjeong ( 玉精 ), Inmi ( 人微 ), Ginseng ( 人薓 ), Jijeong ( 地精 ), Tojeong ( 土精 ), Haesam ( 孩兒參 ), Blood ginseng ( 血ginseng), blood ginseng (血參), yellow ginseng (黃蔘), wild ginseng (野山蔘), and Byeoljik ginseng (別直蔘).

Ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) is a root of the Araliaceae family, either intact or with thin roots and cork layer removed.According to Korea's 'Ginseng Industry Act', 'ginseng' lists fresh ginseng, red ginseng, Taegeuk ginseng, white ginseng and other ginseng.Among them, Taegeuksam refers to fresh ginseng cooked in water or other methods and then dried, and other ginseng refers to products manufactured using fresh ginseng as raw materials (excluding red ginseng, Taegeuk ginseng, and white ginseng), which are determined by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.First of all, the form of ginseng that has come out of the field and still retains moisture is called fresh ginseng.It maintains the original form of phosphoric acid, and is distributed in the form of soil on the market.In this state, the state in which the moisture is blown off is called white ginseng, and if the outer surface of ginseng is slightly peeled off and dried well in the sun, it becomes white white ginseng.It is mainly used for medicine or ginseng tea.Taegeuk ginseng is soaked in hot water and dried, and is in an intermediate state between white ginseng and red ginseng.Red ginseng refers to raw ginseng dried with steam.In addition to this, when white ginseng is dried, the roots are rolled and bent to dry.Black ginseng refers to red ginseng steamed nine times and dried.In the Doosan Encyclopedia, it refers to the root of ginseng of Araliaceae in Korea and Japan, with thin roots and cork layer removed.In particular, in Korea, it is classified as white ginseng (raw), red ginseng (steamed), and misam (thin root), but in the private sector, wild ginseng is also classified into camphor and wild ginseng.In China, it refers to the root and rhizome of ginseng, and is divided into wonsam (cultivated ginseng), red ginseng, and wild ginseng (wild ginseng).

In the case of red ginseng, there are four types of red ginseng: Cheonsam (天蔘), Jisam (地蔘), Yangsam (良蔘), and Jeolsam (切蔘), depending on the appearance or state of the inside. In addition, there is Misam (尾蔘).Cheonsam is a special product with the highest quality among red ginseng, and refers to ginseng with dense contents and the best appearance. Yang ginseng is a good product at the third grade next to ground ginseng, and is a slightly weaker level of ginseng than ground ginseng in terms of content organization and appearance.Misam refers to high-quality ginseng selected by classifying it into large, medium, and semi-fine, in addition to the body of red ginseng.For example, the body of Cheonsam has no cracks or scratches, one or more legs are well developed, the crack is less than 1/3 of the length of the leg, the length is less than 3/4 of the length of the body, and the tissue is hollow should beThe inner bag should be less than 0.5 mm in diameter and less than 100 mm in length, and the color should be light reddish brown, light yellow brown, dark brown or dark brown, uniform, and the epidermis should be yellow with a glossy color. do .The white skin should be less than 1/4 of the total surface area.

On August 28, 2012, Munhwa Ilbo's 'Oriental medical doctor Jang Dong-min's health is visible when he sees the king's illness' was quoted a lot.During the Yi Dynasty, King Yeongjo lived the longest among the 27 kings, living to the age of 83.He took oriental medicine all his life to the extent that he said that he was healthy by obtaining “regular ginseng”.The amount of ginseng he took for 10 years before his death was about 100 jin (60 kg), and he was said to be concerned that eating too much ginseng would burden the national finances.On June 9, 1769 (Yeongjo 45), when King Yeongjo was 76 years old, his gray hair turned black and his teeth started to grow again.Seeing the effectiveness of prescriptions containing ginseng, they were even given the name 'Geongongtang', which means that the prescriptions matched the merits of establishing the country.In the 'Annals of the Dynasty' on December 21, 34th year of King Yeongjo, this passage appears.“The king's mood has improved a little.The king said, 'This is the ball of Lee Jung-tang.I will give the name of Lee Jung-tang as Lee Jung-geongong-tang (理中建功湯).”In other words, the efficacy of the prescription of Lee Jung-tang was so good that the name was changed to 'Dong-jung Geon-gong-tang' by the king's order.If you look at records after the actual event, the two letters 'Joong' in Lee Jung-tang disappeared and it was called 'Geongong-tang' as a prescription.If you look at the major records of Geongong-tang since then, in the 38th year of King Yeongjo, there is a record that he took Geon-gong-tang four times a day because he had symptoms of birth qi in his abdomen.Lee Jung-tang is made with herbs such as ginseng, baekchul, health, and licorice to warm the stomach.

In June 2021, 8 Cheonjong wild ginsengs over 100 years old came out from Mt. Deokyang, Hamyang.Therefore, Simmani's dream must be to be a wild ginseng of Cheonjong.Simmani refers to a person whose job is to dig wild ginseng. Simmemani is a slang word used by people who dig wild ginseng to refer to themselves.Cheonjong wild ginseng is wild ginseng that has been grown in nature for over 50 years.Wild ginseng is the original species of ginseng cultivated in the mountains or fields.Ginseng refers to artificial ginseng cultivated by receiving wild ginseng seeds and grown in the vicinity where people live.In order to improve the image of camphor ginseng from 2012, the Forest Service newly named camphor ginseng as sanyang ginseng.Even ginseng, which is weaker than wild ginseng, takes eight years to harvest.This is because the planned land is fertilized for 2 years and ginseng is grown for 6 years.Therefore , you have to wait at least 10 years to plant ginseng on the same land again .This is because hemp has absorbed all the nutrients from the land and has been devastated.Wild ginseng is generally divided into heavenly, earthly, and race.If you look at the article defining heaven, earth, and race in the Korea Forest Service, heavenly species refers to wild ginseng that has been grown without artificial interference for hundreds of years. It is necessary to clarify the concept in order to prevent confusion in calling it a heavenly species.In other words, even if the whole process of growth was done naturally from the time wild ginseng germinates, if a certain period of time has not elapsed, it is not regarded as a heavenly species. In this case, it is regarded as a heavenly species.In other words, it refers to wild ginseng that has fallen naturally and grown for 5 generations without artificial intervention, and wild ginseng that has been reborn and grown for 5 generations (6 generations) as wild ginseng.Ground species refers to natural ginsengs from the 1st to 4th generation, which are in the stage of purification into the heavenly species.Pheasants, magpies, pigeons, crows, and other mountain birds are red-colored ginseng fruits in the ginseng field (ginseng fruits are only produced in mid-July between the 4th and 6th years, and these ginseng fruits are also called “ginseng daughters” and are commonly used as seeds. ) is very fond of, and becomes food for birds around June or July, when the fruits ripen.Mountain birds that ate their fill of ginseng daughters around ginsengpo take a rest in the surrounding forest, a distance of about 2 km, that is, in the middle forest, and digest and excrete the ginseng seeds they ate a little while ago, and then germinate the following year. It is called .Jijong is further divided into Jijongnoe (地種腦) and Sanjangnoe (山長腦), and Jijongnoe is the name given when ginseng species go into the wild and pass 3 or 4 generations.On the other hand, Sanjangnoe refers to wild ginseng that has been around 1 or 2 generations in the wild.In terms of race, wild ginseng is cultivated in various ways, such as collecting wild ginseng seeds or natural ginseng seeds and letting them grow naturally in deep forests, or artificially growing wild ginseng using ginseng seeds and using cultivated ginseng in the vicinity of houses. refers to the case of raisingSome call it mountain wild ginseng (山養山蔘), the former is called seed camphor, some people call it mountain camphor, etc., and the latter is called field camphor.

Sobaeksan massif (a rock body that is divided into faults or folds in plate tectonics. It is mainly composed of Precambrian strata, and is mostly exposed to the land after the Paleozoic Era) in the Sobaeksan Mountain Massif. (蔘), excellent wild ginseng was produced in large quantities, and active trade was made with China's Tang Dynasty.A special trading district called Sillabang was established and freely trade between Korea and China was prevalent.It is recorded that they expanded their trading partners further and traded with Arabian neighboring countries.In 1541, when Ju Se-bung took office as the governor of Punggi County, he learned that wild ginseng that grows wild in Sobaek Mountain is of excellent quality, and recommended intensive cultivation to general farms. .

The oldest record of wild ginseng for medicinal use can be found in Geupchwijang (急就章) written by Sayu in the late Yuan Dynasty (48-33 BC), about 2,000 years ago. (人蔘) has been written on it, indicating that it was already used for medicinal purposes.As a Chinese document, the medical book 'Shennongbonchogyeongjipju' (新農本草經集注), written by Tao Hongjing (陶弘景, a Taoist and medical scientist in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China) in the Liang Dynasty around 100 BC, is the oldest extant specialized herbal medicine book in China. It means "old grass", so it refers to medicinal herbs. The reason why the word "Shinnong" is included is because the author was set as "Shinnong")' describes the efficacy of ginseng in detail.The word ginseng first appeared in Seolmunhaehak (設文解學), a book by Heo Jin (許愼) during the reign of Anje in the later Han dynasty (AD107-124).Among the total of 113 prescriptions in 'Theory of Miscellaneous Diseases of the Upper Han Dynasty' written by Zhang Zhongqing (張仲景), which is still used as the best clinical book in China, 21 prescriptions containing ginseng are listed, and ginseng provides nourishment. It can be seen that it was used not only as a tonic but also as a treatment.'Myungyeongbyeolrok (名醫別錄, a book written by Do Hong-gyeong, it looks like 'Myeong-byeol-rok' in the preface, but it means medicines additionally recorded by famous doctors, actually Do Hong-gyeong did not use the word Myeong-byeol-rok)' in the three countries of the Korean Peninsula mentioned wild ginseng in .The record that King Muryeong of Baekje offered wild ginseng as tribute during the reign of Muje (Muje of China) is found in the 'Yangseo' [梁書, compiled by Yo Sa-ryeom (姚思廉) of Tang Dynasty, and is one of the Chinese official history], and it is recorded in Goguryeo and Baekje There is a record that ginseng was often served as tribute.There is a record in the Goryeo Dynasty during the Han Yuan of the Sui Dynasty that a large amount of ginseng was produced in Mt. You can see the record that Goguryeo sent seaweed and wild ginseng in '錄'.In 1123 (the 1st year of King Injong), Seogeung (徐兢) of the Song Dynasty wrote 'Seonhwa Bongsa Goryeo Dogyeong (宣和奉使高麗圖經, a record of experiences written by Seogeung, who came to Goryeo as one of the Song Dynasty envoys)'. come out."It is mentioned, and a notable fact is that there is a passage that suggests that red ginseng already existed at the time.In other words, white ginseng is good, but moths eat it during the summer, so steaming it in a pot preserves it.It can be seen that the ginseng at this time was wild ginseng, not grown by humans.Book of Tang Dynasty [册府元龜, during the Northern Song Dynasty in China, Wang Xinyao (王欽若) and Yang Eok (楊億) classified an enormous amount of 1000 volumes into 31 copies and 1104 sentences from 1005 to 1013 by the imperial order of Jinjong. The oldest record is that King Jinpyeong of Silla offered wild ginseng to Gojo of China in 627.The passage that Korea exported wild ginseng collected from its own country to China during the Three Kingdoms period is recorded in 'Bonchogangmok (本草綱目)' written in 1578 by Lee Si-jin (李時珍) of the Ming Dynasty.

The first record of wild ginseng in Korean literature is 'Samguk Sagi' by Kim Bu-sik. There is a record that King Soseong of Silla presented wild ginseng nine feet long to the Tang Dynasty in one year, but Deokjong saw it and refused to accept it, saying that it was not wild ginseng.There is a record that ginseng was wrapped with a red thread in 'Haeyakboncho' written by Yi Sun (李珣) during the reign of King Sukjong of the Tang Dynasty. can knowYi Sun is the son of Persian merchant Lee So-sa (李蘇沙), and he ran a Hyangyakbang store and traded imported Hyangyak.'Bangjunghyangyakmok' [方中鄕藥目, a valuable document in the study of herbal medicine and medicinal plants in the mid-Goryeo Dynasty, and was recorded as Idumun, and contains 170 kinds of plants (medicines)].In China and Japan, ginseng is written as '人參' in Chinese characters.However , the Chinese characters for ginseng in the Korean Peninsula ( Korea ) are slightly different .In other words, in Korea, ginseng is written as '人蔘' in Chinese characters.The reason is that the character '蔘' was used instead of the character '參' in literature after the Joseon Dynasty, and the character '參' was used in terms such as ipcham (入參), chamal (參謁), and tuna (參差) in the annals of the Joseon Dynasty. It is believed that this was because there is a risk of confusion with ginseng.Even in the Bangjunghyangyakmokpyeon of 'Hyangyakgugeupbang' published during the reign of King Gojong of Goryeo, the 'three' character of ginseng is written as '蔘' rather than '參'.There is a record that in 662, during the reign of King Munmu, 200 pounds of wild ginseng were donated to the Tang Dynasty to commemorate the organization of the Silla-Tang allied forces.In 1009, in the first year of Hyeonjong's reign, there is a record that Arab merchants and Goryeo people traded wild ginseng.'Sejong Sillok Jiriji (a book of geography included as an appendix to 'Sillok of King Sejong Jangheon the Great' completed in 1454)' records that 113 out of 328 counties and prefectures across the country offered wild ginseng as tribute.Since then, the amount of wild ginseng demanded by the Chinese and Goryeo courts has gradually increased, and in order to meet the quantity, the people had to search hard for wild ginseng. It seems that some residents artificially sowed wild ginseng seeds and started cultivating ginseng in order to reduce the labor of collecting them.In 'Bonchogangmok' written by Lee Si-jin, it was recorded that ginseng had been cultivated in Gaeseong since the end of the 14th century.However, artificially grown ginseng and wild ginseng were treated as public goods even in the Joseon Dynasty without a clear distinction.Choi Nam-seon's 'Chosun Common Sense Questionnaire' explains that Joseon collected tens of thousands of pounds of natural ginseng a year and used it as an intermediary trade item between Japan and China, which served as a driving force for merchants to accumulate enormous wealth.

In Japanese literature, there is a record that in AD 739, in the 11th year of Emperor Shomu (聖武天皇, 45th Emperor of Japan), King Mun of Balhae sent a national book and 30 jin of wild ginseng to Todai-ji Temple (Todai-ji Temple).It was Hendrick Hamel (1630-1692) who introduced ginseng to Western society. Hamel was shipwrecked off the coast of Jeju Island and traveled to Joseon for 13 years from August 16, 1653 to September 14, 1666. In the midst of writing the experiences of being detained in the 'Hamel Report' (1668), which is commonly called 'the record of Hamel's drift, in the second volume, 'Description du Royaume de Corée', 'Ginseng is a plant native to Joseon'. The first place where wild ginseng is mentioned in European records is 'Noor en Oosst Tartaryen' written by Nicolas Witson, a Dutchman, in 1692.In the Ming Dynasty, when the Northern Yuan was destroyed and separated into the Mongolian tribal federation, Mongolia is called Daldan (Tatar, Tatary, a Manchurian region about 2 km from the border of Joseon) instead of the original title, Mongolia.In a letter sent to the Royal Society of London in 1714 by French missionary Father Pierre Jartoux, who had spent time in China to help map the Daltan region in northeast China, he described traveling the vast Chinese continent. Regarding the efficacy of ginseng experienced during the period, “I chewed a small piece of ginseng and ate it, and the fatigue immediately went away”, along with a detailed picture of it.This Daldan ginseng was described as 'received from a village only 40 li (16 km) away from Joseon at the time'.He recorded that he personally ate wild ginseng root and confirmed its efficacy with his body.Father Joseph François Lafiteau, a French missionary who was doing missionary work in Quebec, Canada, wrote “The Description of Tartarian Ginseng” in ‘The Philosophical Transactions’ published by the Royal Society of London in 1716. I came across this information introduced as and showed it to the Mohawk Indian, and finally found it in the mountains near Montreal with the guidance of the native who recognized the plant. ), it is a North American ginseng that got its scientific name Panax quinquefolium L.Shortly thereafter, as North American ginseng was exported to China, Chinese ginseng traders flocked to Canada to start a full-scale ginseng digging business. As ginseng trade became active, a huge amount of wild ginseng roots were shipped to the Asian market, but gradually disappeared at the end of the 10th century, and the US government encouraged ginseng cultivation as an alternative.The Korean proper name for ginseng is 'shim', but the etymology and origin of ginseng are unknown.From the fact that 'Donguibogam', 'Jejungsinpyeon', and 'Bangyakhappyeon' state the name of ginseng as 'shim', it can be seen that 'shim' was used even in modern times.

The commonality of bellflower, deodeok, and hemp is that they contain a large amount of saponin.Saponin is derived from the Greek word sapona (sapona), which means soap, and is characterized by its ability to easily foam by lowering the surface tension of water.About 750 kinds of plants, including beans, onions, ganoderma lucidum, ginkgo biloba, and kudzu, also contain saponin.Plants containing these saponins have a bitter taste, lower blood cholesterol levels, and enhance immune function.In particular, bellflower, deodeok, and hemp have similar appearances and similar ingredients and efficacy, but there are slight differences.Bellflower ( Platycodi radix ) has a marker component of Lobetyolin and the herbal medicine name is Gilkyung (桔梗).Gilkyung acts on the lungs and treats symptoms such as coughing, phlegm, and breathing difficulties.Deodeok ( Denophora triphylla ) also has a marker component of lovetiolin and a herbal medicine name of Yangyugeun (羊乳根 ) .Deodeok is usually used when a dry cough is severe or when the lungs are weak.Unlike this, the indicator component of ginseng is ginsenoside, and it includes fresh ginseng, red ginseng, and Taegeuk ginseng.Taegeuksam is manufactured by steaming (steaming and maturing) high-quality fresh ginseng, drying it at 60 ℃ or less, and storing it for a long time.Wild ginseng or wild ginseng also has ginsenoside as an indicator component, and is helpful for cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory health.

The common active ingredients of deodeok, bellflower, and ginseng are saponin, inulin, and phytosterol.Saponin has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, produces mucin protein, discharges phlegm, enhances immunity, and inhibits the formation of reactive oxygen species. Inulin is a polysaccharide and is a prebiotic that increases beneficial bacteria in the intestines.Inulin also promotes the absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium.Phytosterols (phytosteroids similar to cholesterol, produced in plants, differing only in the presence or absence of carbon side chains or double bonds) reduce intestinal absorption of cholesterol and provide cholesterol resistance.

In Korea, it is believed that eating wild ginseng leads to longevity and strengthens the body.That is why wild ginseng is considered the most valuable plant in Korea.Then, is wild ginseng a plant that only grows in Korea?Of course, there are wild ginsengs in neighboring China as well as in the United States.Nevertheless, what is the reason why Qin Shi Huangdi and others tried to save Korean wild ginseng as the herb of immortality?Why are Chinese wild ginseng and American wild ginseng not popular?I think it's because the effectiveness is very low.This is probably due to climate and soil problems.In Korea, wild ginseng from the central region is considered the best.It is thought that this is because the characteristics of the herbal medicine are determined by the appropriate temperature, humidity, and soil.

Wild ginseng began to grow naturally in the northern hemisphere around 30 to 40 degrees north latitude from 30 million years ago.Its scientific name is Panax ginseng CA Cameyer, which means panacea in Greek.Wild ginseng is grown in the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, Siberia, and some regions of the North American continent.Among them, the efficacy of wild ginseng grown in Korea is superior.Wild ginseng is also found in Japan, but its scientific name is Panax japoanicus CA Meyer.There are several kinds of wild ginseng produced in China, but there is also a ginseng produced by cultivating the same variety as Goryeo wild ginseng, Panax notoginseng Burkill, which has 7 leaves and is called Samchisam.There are two types of wild ginseng in North America, but the shape of the leaf is slightly different.The scientific names are Panax quinquefolius L and Panax trifolius L.In addition, there are Himalayan ginseng (Panax pseudoginseng, Nepal, Eastern Himalayas), Jujusam (Panax pseudoginseng var Major Burk, Southern China), and Kangsangchilsam (Panax pseudoginseng var zingiberensis, Southern China).

In general, in the case of wild ginseng, even ginseng of the same year, there are differences by place of origin and content, and the older the ginseng, the greater the difference in its composition.American ginseng imported from Hong Kong today has a different DNA from Korean wild ginseng, and its effective saponin content is significantly inferior.As natural wild ginseng ages, it turns dark yellow because it does not release its own ingredients to the outside for breeding, but stores them within itself.

In order for wild ginseng to grow, the soil with adequate amount of sunlight and adequate moisture must be prepared at the same time.Wild ginseng leaves quickly wither when exposed to direct sunlight.Because of these difficult growth conditions, the place where wild ginseng can grow is extremely limited, and wild ginseng itself does not grow in clusters, but separates itself and grows one by one.Based on Simmani's standards, the basic condition for the location for wild ginseng to live is 'toward the eastern side of a mountain with a gentle slope, in a mixed forest zone where broad-leaved and coniferous trees grow, soil rich in organic matter'.The reason why mixed forests are selected here is that places with only conifers do not receive sunlight properly, and places with only broad-leaved trees cannot live with too much sunlight if their leaves fall off in winter.These two must be mixed so that they can grow stably without excessive or insufficient sunlight.One of the peculiarities of wild ginseng is that it is dormant.It is assumed that dormancy is triggered as a self-protection measure when external factors that can threaten the survival of wild ginseng occur, but there are no research results on the exact cause and verified dormancy period yet.For example, when insolation increases due to the disappearance of trees that blocked light due to logging, or when light is weakened due to overgrowth of trees, when moisture in the soil is excessively increased, or when the moisture in the soil is excessively reduced, Wild ginseng remains in a dormant state when the ice is less melted and it is too cold to grow roots, when the above-ground part is injured by pests and insects, when the above-ground part is also injured by being eaten by animals, and when the leaves and stems are burned by forest fires. I think it is the cause of protecting the .When in a dormant state, the roots of wild ginseng become hard and the color becomes dark brown and the weight becomes light.Roots (membrane roots separated from the stem above ground) fall off.According to a study by a Russian scholar, wild ginseng remains dormant for 6 to 24 years and does not grow during that time.In some books, it is recorded as 2-3 years.

In 1997, Professor Choi Yeong-gil of Seoul National University conducted a comparative study on soil microbial communities according to vegetation soils.He divided the soil into forest soil of Mongolian oak, which is a representative deciduous broad-leaved tree in Korea, the soil of coniferous forest occupied by a large number of pine trees, the soil of cultivated land, the soil of grassland, and the bare soil without vegetation.When the metabolic similarity of the bacterial communities between the vegetation soils was less than 60%, the microbial communities according to the five vegetation soils were analyzed as two clusters.Cluster I was the bacterial community of Singal, pine forest soil and cultivated land soil, and Cluster 2 was divided into bare soil bacterial community.At a similarity of 70% or higher, three clusters were analyzed and divided into bacterial communities of forest soil, bacterial agglomerates of less covered soil of vegetation, and bacterial communities of non-reproductive soil.The bacterial communities of grassland soil and cultivated soil showed the highest similarity of more than 80%, and the bacterial community of bare soil, which is a non-reproductive soil, showed a similarity of less than 60%.As such, it can be seen that the bacteria living in the soil vary.

These bacteria can be thought of as the probiotics we see a lot today.The probiotics for each of these plants will be different for each soil.In order for wild ginseng to grow well, wild ginseng itself can metabolize and provide necessary substances, but it will not be possible to biosynthesize all substances necessary for wild ginseng within itself.Therefore, it can absorb necessary substances directly from the soil, but some of them will be able to obtain necessary products that wild ginseng itself does not have by coexisting with beneficial bacteria that provide essential metabolites for wild ginseng in the soil.Therefore, if the bacteria that provide essential metabolites for wild ginseng are not widely existing bacteria and can grow only in places where specific soil, climate, water, etc. are perfectly matched, wild ginseng that needs these metabolites will provide the metabolites. I think that it can only grow in soil where the bacteria that do it are present.Therefore, since wild ginseng cannot grow in any soil, it can only grow in the soil where wild ginseng needs, i.e., probiotics, coexisting.In particular, in the case of wild ginseng in Korea, it is thought that the reason why there are more and more types of ginsenosides than ginseng in other regions is because there are various bacteria essential for wild ginseng in Korean soil.However, in various research papers, data that can prove this hypothesis have not yet been found, and research should be conducted in the future.In the 2019 Ginseng Research Journal (J, Ginseng Research), a research team led by Professor Baek Hyeon-dong of Konkuk University found that fermenting red ginseng extract with probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM11613P, L. platarum) reduced ginsenoside Rb 2 and , reported that ginsenoside Rb 3 increased, and ginsenoside Rd was newly formed.In other words, it shows that the ginsenoside component of ginseng itself can be changed by bacteria.In the same year, in LWT-Food Science and Technology, the research team of Zeinab Mousavi reported that when licorice was fermented with L. plantarum, major fermentation end products were produced remarkably and the antioxidant effect was improved.

It was the United States that scientifically tested the efficacy of ginseng.In 1854, Dr. Garrique S of the United States reported to Ann Chem Pharm that the glycoside (glycoside) was isolated from American ginseng and named 'panaquilon'.An important medicinal component of wild ginseng is saponin, which we are well aware of.A more detailed name is known as ginsenoside.There are about 30 types of ginsenosides that have been identified, and these various ginsenosides are collectively referred to as saponin, which we know easily.These ginsenoside components are contained the most in wild ginseng, so it is considered the best among ginseng.These various ginsenosides are contained in the order of white ginseng (4 pieces), red ginseng (9 pieces), and wild ginseng (18 pieces).In other words, it can be seen that red ginseng has about twice as much ginsenoside as white ginseng, and wild ginseng has twice as much ginsenoside as red ginseng.So, one of the reasons that wild ginseng is said to be 5 to 10 times more effective than red ginseng is probably due to the type and number of ginsenosides.

Plants with medicinal properties often contain alkaloids (vegetable bases) and saponins. Alkaloids are toxic and act on the nervous system, such as nicotine in tobacco, morphine in narcotics, cocaine, and caffeine in coffee. the same thingsHowever, ginseng contains few of these ingredients.Research on ginseng accelerated when the chemical structure of ginseng saponin was clarified in 'Chem Pharm Bull' in 1966 by Shibata S of Japan.The saponin contained in ginseng is the first saponin of the dammarane family, which has a different chemical structure from the general steroid saponin and the oleanolic acid saponin, was discovered in ginseng.In particular, Korean ginseng, a Korean ginseng, contains 23 protopanaxa diol (PD) saponins with two hydroxyl groups and 12 protopanaxa triol (PT) saponins with three hydroxyl groups. It has been revealed that saponins are different in species, oleanane-type saponins and chemical structures called G-Ro (37 types in total).In particular, ginsenosides Ra, Rf, Rg3, Rh2, etc. are not found in American ginseng, but are only found in Korean ginseng.How each of these medicinal effects reacts to the human body and shows the effect is not yet known, and it is a subject of future research.American ginseng comes from Wisconsin or Virginia and has 14 types of saponins.Chinese ginseng is mainly from Yunnan and Guangxi provinces in China, and has 15 types of saponins.Bamboo shoot ginseng, which grows wild throughout Japan, contains 8 types of saponins.

The following quoted many parts from Park Seong-il's article on ginseng published serially in the Chungcheong Ilbo on November 21, 2008.As a former Soviet herbalist, Brekhman explored and studied various plants in the forests of Siberia for 45 years to find substances in nature that could fight various stresses that cause all diseases. II) In a paper titled “Pharmacological problems of ginseng,” Dr. Lee submitted a report on Panax ginseng to 'Mediz Leningrad' in 1957. “Tonic is a non-specific defense ability of a living body when it is exposed to a harmful environment such as disease or various stresses. It was defined as “the action that increases .These 'new substances that increase the non-specific resistance of the living body' are called 'adaptogen' (a compound word of 'adapto' meaning 'adaptation' in German and 'gen' meaning 'substance'). While naming ginseng saponin, an active ingredient of ginseng, to bring about an adaptogen effect, there is a biological homeostasis that always maintains a certain balance inside the body, and adaptogen is such a homeostasis. It is a substance that has the ability to maintain ) and advocates 'normalizing action'.His research results scientifically confirmed the efficacy of ginseng, which had been handed down by word of mouth for thousands of years, but unfortunately, while ginseng saponin had central stimulating and anti-fatigue effects, its sedative action was not acknowledged. After that, in 1972 According to the information published in Japan J Pharmacol by Keijiro Takaki of Japan, ginseng saponin contains two conflicting components that exert central nervous sedation and stimulation, and the panacea component of ginseng is It was revealed that ginseng saponin is in harmony with the opposite components of triol and diol.This fact is revealed in the process of ginseng evolution as well. Considering that ginseng belonging to the same family of ginseng was found in sedimentary fossils of the Cretaceous period, which corresponds to about 130 million years ago to 65 million years ago, it must have occurred at the same time. Therefore, ginseng, which is the oldest surviving flowering plant on earth and has persisted through several ice ages, either firstly integrates the resistance to withstand extreme climate change into elements of its body, or secondly If it is difficult to withstand even the resistance built in the body, it hides deep in the ground and goes dormant. Thirdly, even in the summer of July when all plants are busy growing, they quietly change the green color of the leaves and finish preparations for winter early. The result of developing the ability to defend against external environmental stress in this way is the ability to maintain homeostasis.In order to distinguish the saponin component of ginseng separately, it is called 'ginsenoside' in the sense of ginseng glycoside.Common saponin ingredients lower surface tension, so they continuously generate bubbles in aqueous solution and cause toxicity such as hemolysis (a phenomenon in which hemoglobin inside red blood cells escapes from the blood cells, which can be called red blood cell destruction), whereas ginsenosides It is a polymeric compound with relatively high polarity that binds to cholesterol in the blood to form a complex. It has little hemolytic action and has mild medicinal properties. Also, compared to general saponin, its pharmacological action is very distinct and it has various biological activities.

Ginseng is Korea's 'Korean ginseng [the scientific name is 'Panax ginseng CA Meyer', which was named by Soviet botanist Carl Anton Meyer in 1843] and 'Hwagi ginseng (花旗蔘: Panax quinquefolium L. ]', China's Yunnan Province [ Yunnan Province ( Yunnan Province )] and Guangxi Province [ Guangxi Province ( Guangxi Province)], which is a Chinese indigenous variety, 'Three Seven Ginseng (三七蔘) or' Panax notoginseng (田七蔘: Panax notoginseng FH Chen) ')', and 'Jukjeol-ginseng (竹節蔘: Panax japonicus CA Meyer)' produced in Japan. Panax, which means Panax, has not only anti-cancer effects, but also excellent effects in tonic, gangjeong, and blood-replenishing actions, to the extent that it is not ashamed of its genus name, and has traditionally been evaluated as the best product. It has reached 4 times (cited in Ginseng and wild ginseng by Park Seong-il of the Wholesome Food Health Cooperative).

In 1983 and 1986, Kim Chun-mi's research team at the College of Pharmacy at Ewha Womans University conducted electrophoresis experiments on ginseng protein fractions in the Journal of the Korean Pharmaceutical Society, and the proteins contained in wild ginseng contain proteins with unique properties.Normally, proteins have the property of being destroyed and losing their function when heated, but the protein component of wild ginseng is known as a heat-stable protein that maintains its function even when boiled in water.With this property, it works to increase the resistance ability to endure radiation or X-ray treatment used in chemotherapy.That is why it is also helpful for patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Interferon-like substance, insulin-like substance, arginine component, and interferon are components known as representative anticancer substances.These anti-cancer substances are included in wild ginseng, so they have the function of being effective in anti-cancer treatment, and insulin, as many people know, is a blood sugar control substance used in diabetic patients.This is also an insulin-like substance that is effective in treating diabetes.Arginine is a tonic, strengthens energy, and improves liver function. It is also contained in Angelica gigas, Cnidium, Garlic, and Mokdanpi, which are used as herbal medicines.

There are water-soluble vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), niacin, vitamin B 12, biotin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid. Thiamine is involved in energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis and is a necessary substance for nerve and muscle activity.Riboflavin is a coenzyme component that plays an important role in various metabolisms, and riboflavin deficiency can cause angular stomatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and dry eye syndrome.Vitamin B 12 is a component that is rarely found in other plants and is known to have an excellent effect on pernicious anemia.It helps cell division of red blood cells and increases the number and size of red blood cells to make and replenish blood and play a vital role in helping blood circulation.

Unlike other plants, wild ginseng contains a lot of various and unique minerals as follows.The basic elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are water, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, aluminum, copper, molybdenum, boron, selenium, strontium, cerium, chromium, cesium, lanthanum, lead, scandium, and thorium. , titanium, cobalt, vanadium, and germanium, as well as special trace elements.Among them, the well-known germanium component is exceptional enough to have more than 5 times the content of garlic and mushrooms (garlic and mushrooms have only about 800 ppm per 100 g, while ginseng contains 4,189 ppm, which is 5 times higher). Unlike the ratio of calcium and magnesium shown in plants, the content of magnesium is unusually several times higher.In addition, wild ginseng is a very unusual plant on earth with a high composition ratio of potassium.These rich magnesium and potassium (potassium) act as co-factors for important enzymes in constructing bones and muscles in the body, and when this component is lacking, it is an important substance that causes disorders in the metabolism within the human body.

The polysaccharide component is a component that helps strengthen immunity, enhances anti-cancer immunity, fights stomach cancer and colorectal cancer, enhances blood sugar, and acts as an ulcer.Lignan is a well-known ingredient in Schisandra chinensis, which is said to have five flavors, and is known as a component that protects the liver and helps liver function.Of course, it helps improve liver function.

Since ancient times, the efficacy of Korean ginseng has been categorized into 7 types of efficacy, which is referred to as Chilhyosol ((七效說). It is composed of spleen, which replenishes blood and restores veins, improves heart function and stabilizes the mind, and relieves the conscience. Saengjinjigal (生津止渴), an action that produces and stops thirst, and Geonbijisa (健脾止瀉, an action that stops diarrhea by enhancing and strengthening the function of the spleen, an organ that converts the energy of food and transports it to the whole body) ), Bopyejeongcheon (補肺定喘), which stabilizes breathing by reinforcing the function of the lungs, and Tadokchochang (托毒合瘡), which removes toxins from the body and removes boils.

Combining traditional knowledge and various research results on ginseng, it can activate liver function, act on liver cells, secrete insulin, and have an insulin-like substance that lowers blood sugar levels. It has anti-cancer activity that suppresses the production and proliferation of ginseng, lowers blood pressure or raises blood pressure in patients with low blood pressure, and ginseng has a blood pressure control function. , promotes metabolism by helping the production of various proteins in cells, treats various skin diseases, and has a stimulating and soothing effect on the central nervous system at the same time. It also shows the effect of improvement.It also has a protective effect against Alzheimer's disease and a protective effect by reducing beta-amyloid substances that cause dementia.Ginseng, as a physiological index related to fatigue after exercise, promotes the recovery of reduced glycogen content to normal levels, and is particularly effective in improving mental and physical performance, as well as restoring emotional and adaptability.It also has the effect of maintaining the homeostasis of the body's control function against various stimuli.Nevertheless, excessive intake of ginseng can cause side effects such as stomach upset, lack of sleep, headaches, and allergies.In addition, flushing and headaches occur, and skin rashes and dry mouth may also occur.In Korea, there are no regulations on ginseng and red ginseng products for children, but in China, children under the age of 14 are not recommended to take them.Therefore, when Korean red ginseng products are exported to China, a warning message, "Not suitable for use by children," is written on the product packaging, but there is no warning message when distributed in Korea.

1975 Yonsei University, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry (Bachelor of Science)

1980 Graduated from the Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University (Bachelor of Dentistry)

1988 Graduated from Yonsei University Graduate School of Medicine (Doctor of Medicine)

2004 Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health Medical Science and Law Senior Executive Course

1986~1990 Full-time lecturer in biochemistry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine

1990~1996 Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry-Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University

1996~2000 Yonsei University School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Associate Professor

1996~2018 Professor, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University

1990~1993 Visiting Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison, School of Medicine, Dept of Biochemistry, USA

2002~2005 University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Dept.Visiting Professor of Biochemistry

2006~2009 Director of Life Sciences, Korea Research Foundation

2008~2009 Director of Biomedical Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Engineering, National Research Foundation of Korea

1990-Present Member of the American Cancer Society

Harpagoside 1994~2000 International Society for Study of Xenobiotics 회원

1995~1996 Planning secretary, Korean Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

1996~1998 Academic Director, Korean Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

2006~2008 Director, Korean Society of Toxicology

2006~2008 Vice President, Korean Medicinal Crop Society

2009~2010 President, Korean Society for Cancer Prevention

2009~2010 Vice President of the Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

2018~Present Professor Emeritus, Yonsei University.

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